41975mp4

specifically targeted the transport of goods (cargo).

: It replaced the "Gold Clause" (SDRs) for calculating compensation, ensuring more stable and predictable financial recovery for cargo loss or damage. 3. Transition to the Montreal Convention (1999) 41975mp4

The international legal framework for aviation began with the Warsaw Convention of 1929 , which established uniform rules for passenger and cargo liability. By the 1970s, many of these rules were outdated. In September 1975, a series of "Additional Protocols" were signed in Montreal to update this system. specifically targeted the transport of goods (cargo)

: Unlike earlier systems that allowed carriers to avoid liability by proving they took "all necessary measures," MP4 established a system of strict liability . The carrier is liable for damage or loss to cargo regardless of fault, with only a few specific exceptions (such as inherent defect in the cargo or an act of war). : Unlike earlier systems that allowed carriers to

Montreal Protocol No. 4 introduced several critical changes to aviation law: