In architecture, a dome is a hemispherical structure evolved from the arch, typically forming a ceiling or roof [12].

: It is a hollow half of a sphere [10]. Traditional masonry domes require heavy supporting walls or pendentives—inverted triangular masonry—to transition from a square base to a circular dome [12, 13].

: It aims to protect the U.S. homeland against hypersonic, ballistic, and cruise missiles , as well as next-generation aerial weapons [1, 29].

: Domes have been constructed from varied materials throughout history, including mud, snow (igloos), stone, brick, concrete, glass, and plastic [13].