: Direct port manipulation to build "Cylon Eyes" (LED scanners) .
: Interfacing with Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC) and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) .
Use the standard , including avr-gcc for compiling, avr-libc for standard libraries, and avrdude for uploading code . Topics & Key Projects
The book's primary goal is to teach "bare-metal" or register-level programming . While Arduino provides convenient libraries (like digitalWrite() ), they add overhead. Williams teaches you to: