And International Finance - Money, Banking,

act as vital financial intermediaries , bridging the gap between those with surplus funds (depositors) and those in need of capital (borrowers). Beyond lending, they provide critical liquidity services and manage the complex domestic and international payments systems . 2. The Landscape of International Finance

: Central banks manage national economic health through tools like interest rates and inflation regulation , yet their independence is increasingly challenged by global capital flows and foreign exchange shocks. 3. Modern Challenges and Digital Transformation Money, Banking, and International Finance

: Global markets—including stock, bond, commodity, and foreign exchange markets—are highly integrated, allowing risks in one region (e.g., the 2008 financial crisis) to transmit rapidly across the globe. act as vital financial intermediaries , bridging the