These are the foundational rules that impose duties directly on individuals, such as laws against theft or violence.
Hart championed legal positivism, maintaining that legal validity does not necessarily depend on moral merit—a law can be valid even if it is immoral. The concept of law
The Concept of Law by H. L. A. Hart | Literature and Writing These are the foundational rules that impose duties
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Legal systems frequently feature "open texture," meaning laws are not always perfectly clear, requiring judges to exercise discretion in complex cases, as described in Hart's text.