Uchebnik 8 Klassa Kosulina Konspekt 14 Paragrafa May 2026

Highest tier, allowed to conduct foreign trade and exempt from corporal punishment. 2nd/3rd Guilds: Focused on domestic and local trade.

The beginning of the 19th century saw a slow transition. While the estate system remained rigid, the under Alexander I was a first, though small, step toward allowing serfs to buy their freedom, signaling that the old social order was beginning to crack.

Lived on state land and paid taxes directly to the government. They were technically "free" but still tied to the land. uchebnik 8 klassa kosulina konspekt 14 paragrafa

Status earned through state service (Table of Ranks) but could not be passed down.

Status passed from parents to children.

They paid a percentage of their capital to the state instead of the poll tax. 4. The Peasantry (The Majority)

Parish priests who were allowed to marry and have families. Highest tier, allowed to conduct foreign trade and

The nobility ( dvoryanstvo ) was the "support of the throne" and the only group allowed to own inhabited land (serfs).